Plasma proteins and protein electrophoresis: composition, function, and applications in human pathology. A narrative review
Keywords:
Plasma Proteins; Proteinogram; Electrophoresis; Monoclonal Gammopathy; Narrative ReviewAbstract
Introduction: Plasma proteins constitute a heterogeneous set of molecules with essential functions for the homeostasis of the organism. Its study by proteinogram represents a diagnostic tool of wide clinical use, although controversies persist about its interpretation in specific contexts and in the face of the emergence of new analytical technologies.
Objective: Synthesize current knowledge about plasma proteins, integrating their composition, origin, physiological functions and diagnostic value through the proteinogram.
Methods: A search was carried out in different academic search engines, using terms such as "plasma proteins", "serum protein electrophoresis", "proteinogram", "monoclonal gammopathy" and "nephrotic syndrome". Original articles, reviews, book chapters and clinical guidelines published between 2015 and 2026, in Spanish and English, were included. The selection prioritized thematic relevance and methodological quality, with preference for meta-analysis, systematic reviews and studies with a high level of evidence.
Results: Plasma proteins, synthesized in the liver and immune system, are organized into albumin, α1, α2, β and γ globulins, with functions in transport, immunity, coagulation and oncotic pressure. The electrophoresis proteinogram identifies typical patterns of nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, inflammation and gammopathies. Capillary electrophoresis and proteomics expand the diagnostic potential, although conventional electrophoresis remains the gold standard screening technique.
Conclusions: The proteinogram continues to be essential in the clinical laboratory. Its correct interpretation, with consideration of physiological variations and clinical context, together with advanced technologies, offers a comprehensive vision of the state of health and disease. Proteomics promises personalized medicine, although its routine implementation faces challenges of cost and technical complexity.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Adianes Rizo-Rodríguez , Leticia Marrero-Hernández , Marco Antonio Rodríguez-Castillo
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